Sector Analysis

Industry Risk Reports

How automation is reshaping work, sector by sector.

Finance & AI Risk

Financial services face above-average automation risk, particularly in routine analysis and data processing roles.

Healthcare is among the most protected sectors, though administrative and diagnostic support roles face growing pressure.

Technology jobs show surprisingly varied risk — from near-certain automation to highly protected creative roles.

Education is one of the most automation-resistant sectors, anchored by human relationship and social trust.

Legal work splits sharply: document-heavy support roles face high automation risk while advocacy and judgment remain protected.

Creative professions are more exposed than most practitioners expected — particularly in production and execution roles.

Logistics faces among the highest automation pressure of any sector, with physical automation joining software displacement.

Retail faces near-certain automation of transactional roles, while experience-led retail shows more resilience.

Administrative roles face the highest concentration of automation risk of any sector in the Oxford dataset.

All risk scores based on Frey & Osborne (2013), Oxford Martin School.
Note: this study predates generative AI — actual risk may be higher than shown.